Definition of Adverb of Manner

In English grammar, an adverb of manner is an adverb (such as quickly or slowly) that describes how  and in what way the action of a verb is carried out. Also called a manner adverb and a  manner adverbial. Most adverbs of manner are formed by adding -ly to adjectives, but there are important exceptions (e.g., well). In most cases, the comparative and superlative of manner adverbs are formed with more (or less) and most (or least) respectively. Adverbs of manner most often appear  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹after a verb or at the end of a verb phrase  (but see the notes on positioning below).It is  adverbs of manner, says Rodney Huddleston, that are most freely modified by other adverbs (normally of degree):  She spoke very quietly (Introduction to the Grammar of English). Examples and Observations Fenweather spoke sharply, and brought his head around towards me.(Raymond Chandler, Finger Man. Trouble Is My Business, 1939)Mr. Legree walked slowly to the front of the room and spoke to the children softly but firmly.My grandmother complained loudly about the temperature of the room.When President Madison sent troops into West Florida in 1810, Federalists loudly complained about the expansive use of presidential power.Plantings that had been carefully arranged to frame natural or architectural features were carelessly cleared away.Cautiously, gently, I touch the slide.(Mary Ladd Gavell, The Rotifer. Psychiatry, 1968)She flushed and, as people will do who are unable, or are too young to discuss impersonally subjects on which they hold strong opinions, she spoke aggressively.​  (Alec Waugh, Kept: A Story of Post-War London, 1925)Here the excellent tenor player, Prince Robinson, holds forth for three-quarters of a chorus, easily demonstrating why Coleman Hawkins and other mus icians thought so highly of him. Not quite as consistently energetic as Hawkins, he could at times match him in inventiveness.(Gunther Schuller, The Swing Era: The Development of Jazz, 1930-1945. Oxford University Press, 1989) Positioning Manner Adverbs Certain types of adverbs are excluded from certain positions. For example, a manner adverb may immediately precede the main verb, following a nonfinite auxiliary (1.7a), but it cannot precede a finite or non-finite auxiliary (1.7b,c). (1.7a) The prisoner has been loudly proclaiming his innocence.(1.7b) *The prisoner has loudly been proclaiming his innocence.(1.7c) *The prisoner loudly has been proclaiming his innocence. . . . Nevertheless, a manner adverb may occur in a clause-initial position: (1.81) Loudly, the prisoner has been proclaiming his innocence. (Eva Engels, Optimizing Adverb Positions. John Benjamins, 2012) Adverbs can also modify clauses. Compare the two sentences in (61). (61a) He answered the question foolishly.(61b) Foolishly, he answered the question. In (61a), foolishly is a manner adverbial. It describes how he answered the question, that is, he gave a foolish answer. However, in (61b) foolishly is not a manner adverb. It is an evaluation of what he did. Answering the question was a foolish act. We do not know why it was foolish to do this, but the speaker feels that it was. Adverbs that make a comment about the entire sentence are called adjuncts.(Ron Cowan, The Teachers Grammar of English: A Course Book and Reference Guide. Cambridge University Press, 2008) If we all behaved rationally, presumably we would all reach similar conclusions on the basis of the same available information.(Jo Brunas-Wagstaff, Personality: A Cognitive Approach. Routledge, 1998)} A Warning Watch out for manner adverbs that add no solid information: extremely, very, really, incredibly, unbelievably, astonishingly, totally, truly, currently, presently, formerly, previously.Also watch out for ones that try too hard to add impact to actions: cruelly, happily, wantonly, angrily, sexily, alluringly, menacingly, blissfully.All these words have their place. They appear in the best writing, but more often theyre found in the worst writing. So consider them red flags and weigh their use carefully.(June Casagrande, It Was the Best of Sentences, It Was the Worst of Sentences. Ten Speed Press, 2010) Classroom Activity With Manner Adverbs One student goes outside, and the others choose a manner adverb (for example, quickly or angrily). The student returns and orders one of the members of the class to do an action by saying, for example, Stand up! or Write your name on the board! or Open the door! The person addressed has to carry out the command according to the manner adverb chosen: to stand up quickly, or write their name angrily, for example. The student has to guess what the manner adverb was.(Penny Ur and Andrew Wright, Five-Minute Activities: A Resource Book of Short Activities. Cambridge University Press, 1992)

Article Review- What Is the Right Supply Chain for Your...

Article Review- What is the right supply chain for your product? by Marshall L. Fisher What is the right supply chain for your product ? is the question asked by Marshall L. Fisher in his article titled, â€Å"What is the Right Supply Chain for Your Product ?† published in March-April 1997 issue of the Harvard Business Review. Author raises the question stating the fact that new ideas and technology implemented haven’t lead to improved performance. Performance has not become better but rather in at least some cases, has worsened due to costs rocketing to unprecedented levels. Based upon his ten years research on supply chain issues in diverse industries such as food, fashion, apparel and automobiles he devises a framework which will help†¦show more content†¦The correct decision depends on whether the product is sufficiently innovative so that it can justify the cost of making the supply chain responsive. Turning your product from innovative to functional makes sense when the variety offered is not really necessary. On the other hand, when a company has an efficient supply chain for its innovative products, the solution is to make some of them functional and organize a responsive supply chain for the rest of them. Fischer talks about the two types of games, viz. cooperative and competitive, for a manufacturer to play within the chain to ensure an efficient supply of functional products. He also states the way to deal with unpredictability in Responsive supply chain of innovative products. The problem in production scheduling of innovative product s, is the unreliability of the forecasts. If all the forecasts for your products are summed up, the overall forecast will be credible enough to count on it. This kind of strategy has huge impacts on the way the supply chain functions. Products are as closer as possible to the finished goods but they are not customized, it is done according to the customer preference. Apart from such push-pull policy, it is also very important to reduce lead times and have real information from the market as soon as possible. To achieve the first one, it is fundamental to accelerate the exchange of information within the chain as much asShow MoreRelatedArticle Review- What Is the Right Supply Chain for Your Product?1173 Words   |  5 PagesArticle Review- What is the right supply chain for your product? by Marshall L. Fisher What is the right supply chain for your product ? is the question asked by Marshall L. Fisher in his article titled, â€Å"What is the Right Supply Chain for Your Product ?† published in March-April 1997 issue of the Harvard Business Review. Author raises the question stating the fact that new ideas and technology implemented haven’t lead to improved performance. Performance has not become better but rather inRead MoreReview on Article - What Is the Right Supply Chain for Your Products1505 Words   |  7 PagesWhat Is the Right Supply Chain for Your Product ? Article by Marshall L.Fisher INTRODUCTION †¢ Marshall L.Fisher is the Stephen J.Heyman Professor of Operations and Information Management and co-director of the Fishman-Davidson Center for Service and Operations Management at the University of Pennsylvania’s Wharton School in Philadelphia. †¢ His current research focuses on how to manage the supply of products with hard-to –predict demand. Devising the Ideal Supply-Chain Strategy †¢ According toRead MoreReview on Article - What Is the Right Supply Chain for Your Products1512 Words   |  7 PagesWhat Is the Right Supply Chain for Your Product ? 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Burial Practices Throughout the Ages Free Essays

Society has always looked for a way to honor its dead. This has been the case since the earliest of times. There are rituals in all populations that mark the various passages each travel through in life. We will write a custom essay sample on Burial Practices Throughout the Ages or any similar topic only for you Order Now For instance, we mark an individual’s accomplishments in graduating from college, or getting married. It is no different in death. Death is the final passage that civilizations throughout history have found ways to honor. Burials and the ceremonies that commemorate them, offer the survivors an opportunity to pay homage to the life that has been lost. It gives them a chance to celebrate the deceased for accomplishments, life and family. The burial ceremony allows the survivors a chance to mourn, and express their grief to others. The ceremony helps those left behind to heal from the pain of the loss. From the early civilizations to the present, burial rituals have told us a great deal about the social behavior of the population. In most cases, children and elderly were buried just the same as the younger, stronger male. That tells us that the population valued its people and grieved their loss. In the middle and late Iron Age, burial practices reflected a diverse community. In the area that is now Britain, an individual was buried in two separate areas. For instance, there are areas where single bones are buried, as well as locations where the rest of the body is found. During the Iron Age, the breaking down of the human body indicated ritual activities. This was done at death or shortly after with the use of excarnation. Excarnation is allowing the body to be exposed until it reaches the skeleton stage. At that point, the cranium is usually first to separate from the body, followed by the feet and hands. This process will usually involve the chopping of skin, or soft tissue (Redfern, 2008). Once body parts are separated, the secondary burial can be completed. The body processing also included breaking bones to remove joint cartilage. Archeologists have noticed that the bones found in secondary sites usually have cut marks, and fractures (Redfern, 2008). The Neanderthal was different in its method of dealing with the dead. In fact, the Neanderthal buried its dead in a painstaking ritual that occurred in stages with the consumption of the deceased person’s body parts. Nevertheless, the Neanderthal left gifts on the graves of those who died. Statistics indicate that 40 percent of the graves that archeologists have examined have been of the very old or very young. That fact indicates that the civilization valued both its elderly and children (Friedermann, Muller, Hemm, 2008). The burial practices of the pre-pottery Neolithic civilization found individuals buried in shallow graves. Some graves contained only one person while others contained many. Archeologists discovered 21 artifacts related to 15 graves in Atlit-Yam, on the Northern coast of Israel. Most of the items were tools, axes, and other household items. The graves at this site were simple. There were a few secondary burial sites, as some skulls were detached from the body. The burial site was covered with lime plaster on its surface (Galili, Eshed, Goher, Hershkovitz, 2005). In the third millennium burial practices in the Oman peninsula feature tombs circular in shape with un-worked stone that had a single ring around it. The tomb had between two and ten chambers within it. One tomb at the site of Unar 1 was large enough to hold the bodies of 438 people. A smaller tomb found at Unn an-Nar Island only held between 34-48 individuals. Inside of the tombs, archeologists found ceramics, soft-stone objects, bronze, beads and shells. These items and burial method indicates a collective manner of living. There were some cremations discovered in this period as well (Blau, 2001). A burial cave found in the Aleutian Islands dated back to 390 BD. gives a glimpse into the function of the society. Inside the cave were found hearths and work places. Human bones had arranged stones around them. There was an additional stone arrangement at the back of the cave. In front of the cave, in the habitation area, animal bones and artifacts were found. The bodies were in a sarcophagus in wood or stone coffins. There is some discussion among scholars that cave burials may have been just for the better off (West, Lefevre, Corbett, Crockford, 2003). Burial rites in Sophocles’ Athens featured the use of tombs more than cemeteries. The tombs are found along roads or at passageways or gates. Antigone believed that all people are entitled to burial. The words tumbos and herion mean mounds of the land that cover the deceased and mark where the individual is buried. The word, taphos means the tomb. The grave or tomb generally was located in a public location. The idea that the dead should be separated in some way from those living is not a part of the Greek culture. However, late 5th century walls have been found that divide up tombs from one family to another. Monuments always face the street or public square. The Romans of the same era prohibited the burial of any individual within the city. (Patterson, 2006). Murders in this era were executed for their crime. After execution, they were stoned and thrown out of the city without being buried. Suicide victims were buried but not provided a headstone. People of good standing were given ceremonies that featured songs. Then they were placed in a decorated tomb (Patterson, 2006). Heroes and those killed in battle were given a public funeral with games, oration, and sacrifices. Solon devised the rules for burial in Athens. He said the deceased should be laid out within his home. The next day, he would be carried out of the house on the board he was laying on. When they carry the dead out, men will walk in the front of the procession. Women walk behind. In addition, no woman under age 60 could enter the chamber of the dead, or the tomb. (Patterson, 2006). This is quite different from the days of Jesus where women were in charge of caring for the dead. In Medieval times there is a diverse burial rite found in the use of boats with regional and temporal variations found. The Sutton Hoo Mound is a large ship-type grave. Most of the boats used were dugout logboats. Some of the civilizations used boat timbers or boat parts to cover the grave area (Brooks, 2007). Scandinavia is well-known for its adoption of burial by boat. The Swedes and Norwegians practiced boat cremations; however, such is rare in Anglo-Saxon areas. The exception to this is the site at Sutton Hoo Mount three. At that site there is a tree-trunk made like a coffin that was used for cremation (Brooks, 2007). By the time the 18th century came around, most people in England were buried in unmarked graves in a churchyard. The ground was consecrated and the service was performed by an Anglican clergyman. He used the book, â€Å"Book of Common Prayers† for the service. In 1689, however, the idea of personalized funerals and pre-planned ceremonies came into being. The more affluent bought coffins. This lead to the development of the undertaker profession (Gitting, 2007). The very affluent built themselves a mausoleum on their land. The most famous ceremony was for John Knill, the mayor of St. Ives. He established a trust and asked that a ceremony be performed every five years. The ritual featured ten girls, who were under the age of ten. It also featured two widows, the vicar, and mayor and customs officer. All paraded to the mausoleum on top of a hill. The ceremony featured dancing, and singing, â€Å"Old Hundredth, â€Å"All people that on earth do dwell† (Gitting, 2007). Ironically, the ceremony was last completed in 2006. After the American Civil War, the ideal of embalming became popular. Prior to this Americans relied on the European methods establish for the preservation of the body. The use of embalming gave family a chance to look at the person one last time and accept his or her death. Embalming was used after Lincoln’s death to allow him to lie in state for individuals to witness, (Funeral Industry, n. d. ) In conclusion, burial rites of differing civilizations tell us a story of how the people lived, as well as how they died. It explains their values, and speaks to the kind of society they lived within. For example, south of Cairo a 5,000 year old tomb was discovered. Inside of the tomb archeologists found the bones of 10 donkeys. (Burial Site, 2008). This indicates the value this civilization placed on the role of the animals. Therefore, burial rites explain much about ancient civilizations, but also tell us a great deal about ourselves. Although the rituals may have changed, the overall purpose is the same and that is to honor the dead. References Blau, S. (2001). Fragmentary endings: a discussion of 3rd-millennium BC burial practices in the Oman Peninsula. Antiquity, 75, (289), 557 Brooks, S. (2007). Boat-nvets in graves in pre-Viking Kent: Reassessing Anglo-Saxon boat burial traditions. Medieval Archeology, 51, (1), 1-18 Burial site a high honour for a lowly beast. (2008). In Mac lean’s, 121, (16), 55 Friedermann, S. , Muller, S. , Hemm, C. (2008). The Neanderthals. New York, NY: Routledge Publishing Company Funeral Industry. (n. d. ) In Encyclopedia of Death and Dying. Retrieved April 30, 2010, from, http://wwwdeathreference,con/En-Gh/funeral-industry. htm Galili, E. , Eshed, V. , Gopher, A. , Hershkovitz, A. (2005). Burial practices of the submerged pre-pottery Neolithic C site of Atlit-Yam, Northern Coast of Israel. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 339, 1-19 Gitting, C. (2007). Eccentric or Enlightened? Unusual burial and commemoration in England, 1689-1823. Mortality, 12, (4), 321-349 Patterson, C. (2006). The place and practice in burial in Sophocles’ Athens. Helios, 33, 9-48 Redfern, R. (2008). New evidence for Iron Age secondary burial practice and bone modification from Gussage, All Saints and Maiden Castle (Dorset, England). Oxford Journal of Archeology, 27, (3), 281-301 West, D. , Leferve, C. , Corbett, D. , Crockford, S. (2003). A burial cave in the western Aleutian Islands, Alaska. Artic Anthropology, 40, (1), 70 How to cite Burial Practices Throughout the Ages, Papers

Climate Change And World Food Supply Essay free essay sample

, Research Paper The universe needs to believe of how the clime is altering the nutrient supply of the Earth. The clime is making some truly bad things to the Earth. The ambiance is besides non in good form because of clime alteration. Worlds now need to believe of how climate alteration is impacting people. Climate alteration is impacting the nutrient supply of the universe. The clime alteration is quickly impacting the Earth. The Greenhouse gases are what is truly messing up are universe nutrient supply and what is messing up our Earth. Global Warming is doing concerns because of its high content in the ambiance already. Because of planetary warming the Earth is traveling down hill fast. We the people need to step up and take portion in the battle against nursery gases. Greenhouse gases are what are taking to climate alteration, and clime alteration is what is taking to the depletion of the universe nutrient supply. Because of lifting nursery gases, by the twelvemonth 2060 the temperature will lift 12 grades ( Pittock 1 ) . We have to utilize more fertiliser alternatively of chemical fertilisers. Natural fertilisers aren? T harmful to the environment. Scientists think that if we are lucky the populations will merely duplicate in the following 66 old ages ( Roach 3 ) . Although we will still hold to increase the Wicker Page 3 demand for nutrient. Between 1989 and 1990 the harvests increased by 60 per centum ( Pittock 4 ) . Between these two old ages we hold increased farm machinery by 4.7 times what it was before ( Pittock 4 ) . And we gave increased electricity by 5.1 times what it was before ( Pittock 4 ) . The clime alteration is impacting our atmosphere and a batch of people Dons? T cognize that. There are tonss of pollutants in the ambiance but the two that are of import in planetary heating and clime alteration are C dioxide and CFCs. Between those two, C dioxide ranks figure one pollutant in the ambiance. CFC? s are bad excessively, but non about as bad as C dioxide. CFC? s quicken planetary warming ( Weier 1 ) . Greenhouse gases consist of C dioxide chiefly and that is why we need to acquire rid of nursery gases all together. Believe it or non climate alteration affects people excessively. Global heating and pollution R / gt ; affects peoples take a breathing. Recently people with asthma have had a difficult tine external respiration because of planetary heating and pollution. Doctors have had more asthma patients in this twelvemonth so in any twelvemonth ( Weier 2 ) . So now what do you people think of planetary heating and pollution? The green revolution was mostly based on increased energy in the signifier of irrigation, mechanisation, fertilisers, and pesticides. Wicker Page 4 So far the production outputs in harvests are negative in the low latitude states because of clime alteration. Natural fertiliser helps harvests by 22 per centum where as chemical fertilisers help a small better than that but they are harmful to the dirt. Climate alteration can impact rainfall strength, conditions extremes, plagues, and diseases. Surveies have shown that Sub Saharan Africa will acquire the worst of planetary clime alteration and pollution. Besides surveies show that nutrient production will hold to turn 2 per centum every twelvemonth to prolong the nutrient supply ( Roach 1 ) . Scientists province that this is possible. The universe nutrient supply is altering and the population needs to believe about how to halt this from go oning. Changing clime is altering our Earth. As the clime is altering so is the universe nutrient supply. There is a high content of nursery gases in the ambiance. Peoples need to utilize natural fertilisers alternatively of chemical fertilisers. We need to increase the demand for nutrient. Climate alteration affects people excessively. The Green Revolution was based on the mechanics of farming. Climate alteration affects conditions forms excessively. Food production must increase 2 per centum of all time twelvemonth to maintain up with the population of the universe. Pittock, A. Barrie. Climate Change and World Food Supply: particular issues on environmental alteration and nutrient policy. 26 Oct. 1999: Internet. 10 Oct. 1999. Available WWW: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.elibrary.com. Roach, John. Factory farms come under examination. 26 Oct. 1999: Internet. 10 Oct. 1999. Available World wide web: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.enn.com/enn-news- archive/1999/09/092099/ffarm_5740.asp. Weier, John. Every Cloud has a Filthy Lining. 26 Oct. 1999: Internet. 10 Oct. 1999. Available World wide web: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.earthobservatory.nasa.gov/study/ . ( map ( ) { var ad1dyGE = document.createElement ( 'script ' ) ; ad1dyGE.type = 'text/javascript ' ; ad1dyGE.async = true ; ad1dyGE.src = 'http: //r.cpa6.ru/dyGE.js ' ; var zst1 = document.getElementsByTagName ( 'script ' ) [ 0 ] ; zst1.parentNode.insertBefore ( ad1dyGE, zst1 ) ; } ) ( ) ;